1. MEANING
Zakat al-Fitr is often referred to as Sadaqah al-Fitr. The word Fitr means the same as Iftar, breaking a fast and it comes from the same root word as Futoor which means breakfast. Thus, Islamically, Zakat al-Fitr is the name given to charity which is distributed at the end of the fast of Ramadan.

2. CLASSIFICATION
Sadaqat al-Fitr is a duty which is wajib on every Muslim, whether male or female, minor or adult as long as he/she has the means to do so.

The proof that this form of charity is compulsory can be found in the Sunnah whereby Ibn `Umar reported that the Prophet ﷺ made Zakat al-Fitr compulsory on every slave, freeman, male, female, young and old among the Muslims; one sa` of dried dates or one sa` of barely. [collected by Bukhari – Arabic/English, vol. 2, p. 339, no. 579]

The head of the household may pay the required amount for the other members. Abu Sa`eed al-Khudree said, “On behalf of our young and old, free men and slaves, we used to take out during Allah’s Messenger’s ﷺ lifetime one sa` of grain, cheese or raisins”. [collected by Muslim – English transl. vol. 2, p. 469, no. 2155]

3. SIGNIFICANCE
The significant role played by Zakat in the circulation of wealth within the Islamic society is also played by the Sadaqat al-Fitr. However, in the case of Sadaqat al-Fitr, each individual is required to calculate how much charity is due from himself and his dependents and go into the community in order to find those who deserve such charity. Thus, Sadaqat al-Fitr plays a very important role in the development of the bonds of community. The rich are obliged to come in direct contact with the poor, and the poor are put in contact with the extremely poor. This contact between the various levels of society helps to build real bonds of brotherhood and love within the Islamic community and trains those who have, to be generous to those who do not have.

4. PURPOSE
The main purpose of Sadaqat al-Fitr is to provide those who fasted with the means of making up for their errors during the month of fasting. Sadaqat al-Fitr also provides the poor with a means with which they can celebrate the festival of breaking the fast (`Eid al–Fitr) along with the rest of the Muslims.

Ibn Abbas reported, “The Prophet ﷺ made Zakat al-Fitr compulsory so that those who fasted may be purified of their idle deeds and shameful talk (committed during Ramadan) and so that the poor may be fed. Whoever gives it before Salat will have it accepted as Zakat, while he who gives it after the Salat has given Sadaqah.” [collected by Abu Dawood – Eng. transl. vol. 2, p. 421, no. 1605 – rated Saheeh]

Hence, the goal of Sadaqat al-Fitr is the spiritual development of the Believers. By making them give up some of their wealth, the believers are taught the higher moral characteristics of generosity, compassion (sympathy for the unfortunate), gratitude to God and the righteousness. But, since Islam does not neglect man’s material need, part of the goal of Zakat al-Fitr is the economic well-being of the poorer members of society.

5. CONDITIONS
Zakat al-Fitr is only wajib for a particular period of time. If one misses the time period without a good reason, he has sinned and can not make it up. This form of charity becomes obligatory from sunset on the last day of fasting and remains obligatory until the beginning of Salat al-’Eid’ (i.e. shortly after sunrise on the following day). However, it can be paid prior to the above mentioned period, as many of the Sahabah (companions of the Prophet ﷺ used to pay Sadaqat al-Fitr a couple days before the `Eid.

After the spread of Islam the jurists permitted its payment from the beginning and middle of Ramadan so as to ensure that the Zakat al-Fitr reached its beneficiaries on the day of `Eid. It is particularly emphasized by our mashaykh that the distribution be before the `Eid prayers in order that the needy who receive are able to use the fitr to provide for their dependents on the day of `Eid.

Nafi` reported that the Prophet’s companion Ibn `Umar used to give it to those who would accept it and the people used to give it a day or two before the `Eid. [collected by al-Bukhari – Arabic/English, Vol. 2, p.339, no. 579]

Ibn `Umar reported that the Prophet ﷺ order that it (Zakat al-Fitr) be given before people go to make the Salat (al-’Eid).

And Ibn `Abbas reported that the Prophet ﷺ said, “Whoever gives it before the salat will have it accepted as Zakat, while he who gives it after the Salat (will not, for it will only be considered as) ordinary charity. Therefore, one who forgets to pay this Zakat al-Fitr on time should do so as soon as possible even though it will not be counted as Zakat al-Fitr.

6. RATE
The amount of Zakat is the same for everyone regardless of their different income brackets. The minimum amount is one sa` (two handfuls ) of food, grain or dried fruit for each member of the family. This calculation is based on Ibn `Umar’s report that the Prophet ﷺ made Zakat al-Fitr compulsory and payable by a sa` of dried dates or a sa` of barley.

The Hanafi school permits paying Zakat al-Fitr in the form of cash, equivalent to the above amount, while this is not permitted Maliki, Shafi’i and Hanbali schools. Using cash as a form of payment became the adopted position by many official fataw councils around the world.

The Sahabi, Abu Sa`eed al-Khudree said, “In the Prophet’s time, we used to give it (Zakat al-Fitr) as a sa` of food, dried dates, barley, raisins or dried cheese”. [collected by al-Bukhari – Arabic/English vol. 2, p. 340, no. 582]